Filling In The Gaps

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Q> Sorry for what may be a stupid question,
Q> but sin(x)/x has a limit of 1 as x -> 0,
Q> so does it not cross x=0 at 1?

So firstly, no, this is not a stupid question at all, it's a very reasonable question. In fact, it goes right to the heart of a topic that's frequently overlooked.

So we're going to look at the function $y=sin(x)/x.$

The point that's often overlooked is this:

• Part of the definition of a function is a specification
  of the values the function is intended to take as input.

A> Technically the function y=sin(x)/x
A> is not defined for x=0.

So in this case the function is defined by a formula, and we really ought to say, as part of the definition, that the function has as its domain the real numbers except for 0.

Usually we don't bother, because usually we have a "domain of discourse," an implicit understanding of the sorts of things we're talking about. In that case, when we say $f(x)=sin(x)/x$ we probably mean that we are talking about a function that takes a real number as its input and produces a real number as output.

We then notice that the definition doesn't work for $x=0,$ so we conveniently say "Except when x=0," and then we leave it at that.

So what about when x=0 ?

Actually there are three ways to go, but let's just deal with two of them.

There are two ways to go.

The first is to leave it undefined, and then say that the domain of the function f is ${\bb~R}$ without $\{0\}.$ In other words, we make it explicit in the definition of f that its domain is in fact not all of the reals, but that we are omitting the number 0 from the domain, and therefore we don't have to define what the value of f is there. And that's fair enough - we can do that.

The other thing we can do is say

• "Well, when x is not zero, f is $sin(x)/x,$
  and in addition we define f(0) to be z "
  where z is some value.

Well, it's a choice. This happens in maths more than people think. Sometimes there's simply a choice to be made. So we make a choice, and then see what consequences it brings. If the choice seems to lead to good things then we keep it. If the choice leads to bad things then we can go back and change our minds.

And what about in this case?

That leads us back to the original question, and to my answer:

A> It's consistent to enhance the definition, adding
A> that f(0)=1, but if not then f has no value at x=0.

In other words, $lim_{x{\to}0}f(x)=1.$

The conversation continued ...

A> Yes, lim_{x->0} sin(x)/x is 1, but that's not the
A> same thing. Care required with detail.

Q> So x=0 is undefined on the graph? Ah, makes sense! Some of the
Q> graphs on Google I've seen look as if they cross x=0 at y=1.

More precisely, the function f is not defined for the value /x=0/. And yes, when you look at the graph it looks like f(0)=1 because that's the limit from both sides. So as we say above, it makes sense to make that choice to add in that extra value.

Q> I mean, so the graph crosses x=0 at y=1 because as x approaches zero
Q> it's consistent with y approaching 1?

A> There is a gap in the graph at x=0 - unless you explicitly add
A> the value as a special case, there is no value.

A> The function y=1 when x=0 and sin(x)/x otherwise is continuous
A> and generally "nice", but is not the same function as just sin(x)/x

Q> So why would you just add the y=1 when x=0? What special case would
Q> this be? I mean, wouldn't it just be counter-intuitive ...
Q> if we know as x=0 is undefined? _

A> Drawing the graph y=sin(x)/x you already have to say "for x!=0" -
A> why not provide an extra value and have the function defined
A> everywhere?

A> Also, there is an infinite sum that converges for all x and has
A> that value.  But you can just make a choice and deal with the
A> consequences.

A> f(x) = 1 - x^2/3! + x^4/5! - x^6/7! + x^8/9! - ...  That's
A> sin(x)/x for x!=0, and 1 for x=0. Even powers, odd factorial
A> denominators.

Just to expand on this more precisely. When we write: $1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{7!}+\frac{x^8}{9!}-$ ... what we mean is this. Firstly, choose some value of x for which you want the value. Then create the series with those numbers, and look at the partial sums: $1$ $1-\frac{x^2}{3!}$ $1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}$ $1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{7!}$ $1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{7!}+\frac{x^8}{9!}$ Ask if this sequence of partial sums converges. If it doesn't matter what value of x you first chose, if it's always the case that this sequence of partial sums converges, then it makes sense to say that the expression $1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{7!}+\frac{x^8}{9!}-$ ... has a meaning and a value for every value of x. It can be hard to prove this, but in this specific case, it does have a well-defined value for every x.

To expand on this a little, the expression:

• $1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{7!}+\frac{x^8}{9!}-$ ...

• $sin(x)/x~=~1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{7!}+\frac{x^8}{9!}-$ ...

At this point the conversation took an unexpected turn. My interlocutor said:

Q> Ah, I think I'm a little lost now. How can
Q> the factorial of anything =0?  I think I'll
Q> just accept it's not defined at x=0 for
Q> non-special cases.

I was very confused for a moment, and then I realised I'd said:

A> ... That's sin(x)/x for x!=0, and 1 for x=0.

What's happened is that my interlocutor mistook my "x!=0" to mean "x! equals 0", whereas I was using the usual convention from many programming languages of "!=" meaning "not equal," so I meant "x not equal to 0."

However, it turns out that it's relevant and related. I replied:

A> In that definition I didn't use 0! - but
A> by convention 0! is taken to be 1.  It's
A> convenient, and makes lots of things nicer.

This is another example where there is a choice to be made, and we make the choice that's convenient. The statement of the Binomial Theorem is really tedious and complex if we don't take 0! (which is 0 factorial) to equal 1. There are several arguments to show that it's a reasonable thing to let 0! = 1, some of which are listed on the page about ZeroFactorial. I won't repeat them here.

So the idea is that we can extend a function, defining an extension function that takes the same value as, but which is defined for more values than, the original. In this example we've just added a single point to the domain. In "Beyond The Boundary" we look at going further.